(362h) Enabling Transition-Metal-Free and Solvent-Free Batteries

Batteries with high energy densities (energy stored per mass or volume) are required to electrify transportation and the grid. However, current Li-ion batteries are plagued by the presence of critical minerals such as Co, Ni that are geographically limited and increase costs. In addition, the presence of volatile and flammable electrolyte solvents has led to a poor safety profile and significant hazards. Here, we present a new class of solvent-free and transition-metal free dual graphite batteries. This battery chemistry exploits cation intercalation at the anode and anion intercalation at the cathode with graphite serving as both electrodes. We probe the changes to the electrochemical behavior as a function of electrolyte composition. Our work illustrates the future of battery design that does not compromise safety or cost for energy density and can enable long duration energy storage.