(12b) Scale-up of First -of-a-Kind Processes. From Pilot Plant to Commercial Production

Scaling up first-of-a-kind processes from pilot scale to commercial or semi-commercial production present additional challenges and opportunities. In many instances this is an iterative process. During the engineering phases, fresh insights usually lead to process modifications. These have to be tested and verified before they can be implemented in the design. This paper will present examples of these situations, and lessons learned that might be helpful during the initial design of the pilot plant.