(188a) On Substances with Negative Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Violation of Second Law of Thermodynamics

The volume expansivity of pure subtances is often defined at constant pressure and seldom at constant entropy. This can lead to the violation of the second law of thermodynamics. The combined first and second law of thermodynamics is used to show that calculation and report of negative coefficient of thermal expansion is tantamount to materials exhibiting negative temperature. This is not possible in the Newtonian reference frame. Negative temperature is a concept that has been floated by fundamental thermal physicists by consideration of rotational and vibrational energies of electrons and molecules. Reports in the literature allude to discovery of materials with negative coefficient of thermal expansion. These materials can be combined with materials with positive coefficient of thermal expansion to produce materials with zero thermal expansion coefficient. These materials are called for in the design and operation of Hubble Telescope and Chandra Telescope into space. A isentropic volume expansivity may hold the answer to the woes of "violation of second law of thermodynamics". Equation of State Theories used to represent polymeric substances are used to simulate conditions where the materials will undergo negative volume expansivity values. The EOS theories used in the study are; (i) Tait Equation (ii) Flory, Orwoll & Vrij, FOV (iii) Prigogine Square Well Cell Model (iv) Lattice Fluid Theory of Sanchez & Lacombe (v) Perturbed Hard Chain Theory, PHCT (vi) Born-Green-Yvon, BGY Integral Equation (vii) Lattice Cluster Equation (viii) PV Guggenheim Theory (ix) Simha-Somcynsky Theory