(175d) Scale-Up and Influence of the Process Variables in the Preparation of Highly-Concentrated Emulsions

Scale-up
from experimental laboratory equipment to industrial plant size is one of the
crucial issues in the field of process design. The processes working with
low-viscosity Newtonian fluids are, usually, directly scalable. However, the
scaling-up of processes involving high-viscosity non-Newtonian fluids is far
more complicated, since fluid properties, like viscosity, and flow conditions
can vary drastically during the process [1]. This is the case of emulsion manufacturing.
Moreover, the final quality and properties of an emulsion are very dependent on
the process variables, so a little change in the way of adding the components
or in the vessel size can result in changes in the product quality, apart from a
raw material, time and economical loss. The scale-up analysis of these
processes and the study of the effect of process variables on the emulsion
quality are necessary in order to predict what will happen at industrial scale
and to optimize the process, saving money and time in unproductive tests.

In
this study, preparation of highly-concentrated
emulsions is used to investigate how the process variables and the scale-up
influence emulsion properties, like droplet size, viscosity, yield stress, viscoelasticity
and stability.

The
w/o highly-concentrated emulsions (90 wt % dispersed phase) are prepared in
batch mode following a two-step process: the first step consists in the
addition of dispersed phase at a given flow rate (Q) while maintaining a
constant stirring rate (N), the second step consists in the homogenization of
the emulsion at the same stirring rate. Influence of composition variable
surfactant/oil ratio (S/O) is also studied, using Span 80 as surfactant and
dodecane as oil. Three different vessel sizes are used, with geometric
similarity (1:2:4) and keeping the total emulsification time constant.

We
use experimental design tools in order to minimize the number of experiments
needed to obtain empirical models and response surfaces (Figure 1) that
describe the influence of the variables on the emulsion properties and that can
be used to predict further experiments. Additional experiments are performed to
validate these empirical models obtained from few experiments. Similar response
surfaces as function of the three input variables studied are obtained for each
of the output variables. Empirical equations permit to predict corresponding
emulsion property as a function of the input variables.

Figure 1. Response
surface describing the change of yield stress with the addition flow rate (Q)
and stirring rate (N) at small scale (left) and medium scale (right).

Experimentations
at the three scales studied permit to obtain the scale invariants of the
process, variables which have to remain invariants with scale in order to
obtain emulsions with the same properties independently of the scale at which
had been prepared.

From
our results can be deduced that S/O is one of the invariants. Invariant related
with flow rate is time of water addition, volume of reactor divided by flow
rate. Finally, invariant related with stirring rate is not the Reynolds number,
equivalent to ND², as occur for other processes. For preparation of
highly concentrated emulsions, we obtained that the invariant have the form ND^a, where exponent a is between 0 and 1, and close to 0.5 for all the
response variables chosen (including droplet size and rheological parameters).

For
scaling up, we have empirical equations for each of the response variables as a
function of the found invariants, and these empirical equations are valid for
the three scales studied scales and, may be, it would be an extrapolation of
empirical results, valid for any scale of magnufacturing that could be used.

[1]         R. J. Wilkens, C. Henry, and L. E.
Gates, ?How to scale-up mixing processes in non-Newtonian fluids,? Chemical
Engineering Progress, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 44?52, 2003.