(126b) Composite Fuels Production for Combustion

ABSTRACT

Goal of the Project

The primary goal of the project is the creation of
composite fuels for combustion processes containing biomass,
coal,
coal residues, crude oil processing residues, and other combustible material
for effective firing in power plants.  The project attempts to provide
screening equations for the effective combustion of composite fuels and develop
the combustion characteristics for effective burning.

Mixtures

The literature is full of data for
composite fuels but most include experimental values and not composite
equations.  We have started with wood-oil composite fuels and will examine
other potential fuels.

Experiments

Settling experiments were performed at two different
temperatures about 24C and about 66C to understand the effect of temperature on
obtaining relatively homogeneous mixtures.

The normalized settling curves follow the equation

            (1)

Where T is the time constant for exponential
settling and the time where the solids have dropped to 37% of the original
height.  The settling data provided in Tables 1 and 2.  The T is the time
constant for settling.

Anthracite coal-oil mixtures and pine wood-oil
mixtures have been studied.  The oil used was soybean oil.  The density of
these components at 25C is; anthracite coal 1.3 gm/cm³, white pine
wood 0.48 gm/cm³, and soybean oil 0.92 gm/cm³.

Table 1. Experimental Parameters and Mass Fractions
for Coal/Oil/Water Experiments and Time Constants for Exponential Settling

Table 2. Experimental Parameters and Mass Fractions
for Wood/Oil/Water Experiments and Time Constants for Exponential Settling

The emulsions with approximately 20 % water in the
mixture and markedly slowed down the settling time and kept the wood in
suspension.

Modeling Equations

Viscosity, density, heating value, time for vaporization,
exchange coefficient, temperature of combustion, sulfur content, burning rate
constant, thermal diffusivity and flame temperature, and other parameters can
be modeled for all these composite fuels.

The linear format of a three component mixture that
can be used to calculate some properties is given by

where α
is a weighting coefficient and P is the single component property of interest.

Figure 1 presents the viscosity of coal-oil mixtures
(Timbalia).  It has an exponential increasing form. An interesting thing to
note is that the viscosity of small amounts of coal is less than the liquid oil
viscosity of 0.65 Pa-s.   The curve in Figure 1 can be fit to a relatively high
accuracy with the equation

This can be used as a model to calculate wood-oil
properties.

Nonlinear equations of the form for the time of
evaporation can be used as weighting factors for the appropriate model equation
(Spaulding).

Figure 1 Viscosity of number 8 coal and number 6 oil-mixtures
at 25C.  (Ref Timbalia)

Forming Emulsions

Emulsions of these mixtures will be dependent upon
the energy used to create the emulsions.  Hydrocavitators have been shown to be
able to add the energy required to form relatively stable emulsions (Knickle). 
Special design of burner nozzles can be produced to take and effectively use
these emulsions.

Future Work

Work is continuing on the development of the
modeling equation and their justification.

References

Knickle,
H. et al ?Innovative Hydrocavitation Technology Process to Create Composite Fuels?
AIChE Spring Meeting, Session 141, Houston TX (2012)

Spaulding,
D. B. ?Combustion and Mass Transfer?, (1979) Introduction
to

A. Timbalia, Master's Thesis-Ohio University June
1981