Risk Analysis of H2 Logistics – an Overview

The challenges related to the hydrogen economy are numerous, involving its production, storage, transportation, distribution and end use. Hydrogen can be generated using various technologies, depending on environmental, economic and energy efficiency factors, the most common are water electrolysis and steam reforming of natural gas. The applications of H2 can be from raw materials in chemical processes, especially in the production of ammonia and in oil refining, to fuel, which is considered a clean alternative for supplying fuel cells in electric vehicles, as well as a storage of energy from renewable sources during periods of high production and low demand. In this context, the H2 generation route, the end use of the H2 and the location of the facility are factors that have a direct impact on the logistics of its production, storage and distribution, which can present operating risks due to the characteristics of the H2 and the conditions required in the operations.

Hydrogen transportation is a complex activity due to its very low volumetric energy density, requiring compression or liquefaction in order to be transported efficiently. It is important to highlight that hydrogen is highly flammable and has a lower ignition point than other fuels and, when in contact with air in certain concentrations, can cause severe explosions and fires. In terms of its interaction with other materials, hydrogen can cause metal embrittlement, which can damage the structural integrity of distribution systems. These factors can result in increased infrastructure and operating costs, as well as operational risks if not properly designed. Thus, it is essential to adopt safety safeguards during the transportation and storage of this gas, such as the use of hydrogen detection sensors, effective ventilation systems and strict handling and storage procedures, as well as the continuous training and qualification of the team to respond to emergencies, to ensure rapid and effective intervention in the event of accidents, in addition to the adoption of specific safety regulations for the handling of hydrogen.

The proposal of these actions must be based on the risk analysis of the systems, which involves assessing the probability of an accident occurring, as well as its consequences, using methodologies such as Preliminary Hazard Analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Consequence Analysis. These techniques provide a robust basis for decision-making and the development of effective risk management strategies in the context of hydrogen logistics, since there is a need to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor the risks associated with the transportation, storage and distribution of hydrogen.

In this context, risk analysis and management according to the H2 generation route, the location of the facility and the end user of the H2, promotes innovation and the development of logistical solutions from the point of view of its storage, transportation and distribution on a large scale. The aim is to decarbonize the systems, achieve efficiency, reliability and cost-effectiveness, and guarantee the viability of using hydrogen as a clean energy alternative, with a view to long-term sustainability and energy security.