Employment of Green Methodologies for Valorized Processing of Dairy Waste Products into Bioactive Peptides: Recent Advances.

Over the years, the global dairy industry has been critiqued for the green house gases it emits into the atmosphere. Commercial dairy farms have been studied to emit large amounts of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia especially through waste products generated in their courses of operations. Products such as animal offal, blood, and stool, and other processed derivatives such as whole milk, whey, cream, skimmed milk and protein concentrates are proficient substrates for these emissions. Conversely, several studies have shown that these materials bear sufficient proteins that can be hydrolyzed into peptides of biological functionalities. In addition, sustainable and eco-friendly procedures such as ultrasonication, high pressure processing, and microwave processing amongst several others have been investigated and reported to be potentially effective in proteolyzing protein isolates obtained from dairy wastes. Furthermore, peptides derived from such protein lyses have been found to be beneficial against several metabolic syndrome disorders such as hypertension, cancer, and diabetes. Scientific studies have proven that green food processes are employable for the proteolysis of dairy-derived proteins into simpler hydrolysate fractions of lesser molecular weights. Subsequent purification with techniques such as Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), ultrafiltration and Ion exchange chromatography, are further used to purify the peptides and technologies such as Edman degradation and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) are applicable for sequencing of amino acids. In vitro examinations through biochemical assays and in vivo experimentations with laboratory mice have reported that these purified peptides indeed are potentially functional for the management of bodily disorders. The enhanced application of environmentally friendly techniques for peptide isolation can be proficiently optimized into continuous and cost-effective remedies for concerns related to dairy wastes.