(8a) Time-resolved In situ Studies of Zeolite Crystal Growth

Zeolites are widely used in commercial processes spanning from ion exchange in detergents to catalysis in the (petro)chemical industry. Understanding the mechanisms of zeolite growth at a molecular level aids the a priori selection of synthesis parameters to tailor their physicochemical properties. Despite tremendous effort to elucidate the mechanisms of nucleation and crystal growth, these pathways in zeolite synthesis are not well understood. This is due in large part to the inherent complexity of zeolite crystallization and the synthesis conditions that render in situ characterization challenging. Our group developed a way to carry out solvothermal in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) wherein we can observe zeolite surfaces at near molecular resolution under realistic growth conditions.1 Using this technique, we have identified methods to selectively control the pathways of growth2 and manipulate the anisotropic kinetics of crystallization through the employment of crystal growth modifiers.3
We will present in situ AFM measurements of silicalite-1 crystallization using zeolite growth modifiers (ZGMs) to modulate the shape of zeolite crystals. ZGMs are molecules or macromolecules that selectively bind to zeolite crystal surfaces and mediate the anisotropic rate(s) of growth to achieve desired crystal size and morphology. We have reported the efficacy of ZGMs in silicalite-1 bulk crystallization experiments.4 Here, we
will discuss AFM studies of ZGM effects on silicalite-1 crystals wherein we observe differences in the relative rates of growth by two distinct pathways: classical processes involving molecule addition and nonclassical pathways involving the attachment of amorphous nanoparticle precursors. We show that these pathways can be influenced by the presence of ZGMs.
We will also present in situ AFM results of industrially relevant aluminosilicates (e.g., zeolite A) where we observe distinct growth regimes as a function of supersaturation and temperature. At high supersaturation and low temperature, we observe the three-dimensional assembly and structural evolution of gel-like islands on zeolite surfaces.5 These features, which derive from molecularly-dispersed solute, constitute a unique mode of growth among reported cases of nonclassical crystallization.6 Time-resolved imaging also reveals that growth can occur by (nearly) oriented attachment, which is a rare phenomenon for zeolites, but is observed during crystallization by particle attachment for other minerals. We also report a distinct switch in the growth mode at moderate supersaturation marked by 2D nucleation of single layers with step heights corresponding to the composite building units of the crystal structure. Crystal growth at low supersaturation occurs by layers emanating from spiral dislocations.

(1) Lupulescu, A. I.; Rimer, J. D.; Science 344 (2014) 729-732.
(2) Shete et al., Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 535-539
(3) Olafson et al., Chemistry of Materials 28 (2016) 8453-8465
(4) Lupulescu, A. I.; Rimer, J. D., Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 51 (2012) 3345–3349.
(5) Kumar, M., Choudhary, M.K., Rimer, J.D., Nat. Commun. (2018) In Press
(6) DeYoreo et al., Science 349 (2015) aaa6760-1/9