Trade-Offs in Various Shipping Methods of CO2 for Direction Injection to Wells in CCS Systems

Transport of captured anthropogenic CO₂ can be carried out in (offshore/onshore) pipelines or ships. The latter method is most efficient when the CO₂ needs to be exported over hundreds of kilometres or when pipeline infrastructure is not available/feasible. To date, most of CO₂ shipping operations are designed for port-to-port transportation or port-to-offshore with interim storage. Moreover, only refrigerated low pressure transportation has been considered.

In this work, we elucidate conceptual shipping schemes for direct offshore injection. We considered various vessel conditions including refrigerated transportation at low pressure (7 bar) as well high pressure (70 bar) and ambient temperature. We highlight the key challenges and limitations of various shipping regimes in terms of operating envelope, required fluid purity and strategy for unloading/injection in to the well.