Understanding the Subsurface Structural Formation for Potential CO2 Storage and Capture in Geologic Formation

Reduction of CO2 to a minimal level to a time relative to the pre-industrial era required a huge volume of CO2 sequestered. The question remains where could we potentially sequester these large volumes of CO2? Generated by coal –fired power plants, Fossil Fuel, Cement Production factory, iron and steel and pulp and paper factory (Global CCS Fact Sheet, 2018). Studies as shown that three main types of geological storage options are generally considered for CCS purposes: deep saline formations; depleted oil and gas fields, and unmineable coal seams. Recently, additional potential opportunities have been shown to exist in gas shales, salt caverns and basalt formations, (Godec et al, 2013). The purpose of the research is to understand the structural, geological, thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, techno-economic, social potentials of various formation for the storage and capture of CO2 in the geologic formation. With over 60% of worldwide emissions coming from point sources that are potentially amenable to CO2 capture, the prospects for CCS to significantly reduce CO2 emissions are great (IPCC 2005). Technical and economic assessments suggest that over the coming century, CCS may contribute up to 20% of CO2-emission reductions, equivalent to reductions expected from efficiency improvements and large-scale deployment of renewable energy resources (IPCC 2005). At the pressures and temperatures expected for sequestration reservoirs, the volume required to sequester CO2 as a supercritical fluid is about 10 million cubic meters (Mm3) per year. Sequestering the CO2 emissions from a power plant with a 50-year lifetime would require a volume of about 500 Mm3(Sally M. Benson , 2008). It is therefore imperative that, suitable formations for storage potentials should be deeper than 800 m, have a thick and extensive seal, have sufficient porosity for large volumes, and be sufficiently permeable to permit injection at high flow rates without requiring overly high pressure.