Fuel Switching Is Key to the Energy Transition, But Not Without Challenges

This special section explores fuel switching — i.e., the process of replacing coal, oil, natural gas, and other fossil fuels with lower-carbon alternatives such as electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels in industrial applications.

Much of the developing world is embracing the energy transition as the effects of decades of unchecked greenhouse gas emissions become increasingly evident. Rising global temperatures are beginning to manifest in more numerous wildfires, stronger hurricanes, and sea level rise. As recognition of climate change grows, so too does the need to reduce carbon emissions.

Switching from fossil fuels to cleaner alternatives will not only reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but it may also support renewable energy integration, improve local air quality, and enhance energy efficiency as older legacy technologies are replaced with innovative new ones. Diversifying energy sources can reduce the U.S.’s dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase resilience to price fluctuations — an advantage that may become more important as the U.S. implements tariffs affecting petroleum imports.

The first article in the special section, “Key Drivers in the Energy Transition: Electrification and Other Clean Energy Solutions” (pp. 24–28), examines some of the constraints associated with decarbonization pathways involving electrification, green hydrogen, and green ammonia. Case studies discuss electrification of a synthesis gas...